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2. Some inventions in the field of ECA systems and technology made before 1990.

U.D. Mamadzhanov, V.M. Bakhir, V.N. Shamsutdinova, T.M. Bakhir. A method of drilling mud treatment. USSR Author's Certificate # 929682, 22.04.1974.
U.D. Mamadzhanov, Ye.G. Gavrilov, Kh.A. Alimdzhanov, V.M. Bakhir, A.A. Aleksandrov, L.A. Sorokin, Yu.N. Sokolov, Yu.G. Zadorozhny. A method of preparing drilling mud. USSR Author's Certificate 619500, 19.01.1977.
Yu.N. Sokolov, V.M. Bakhir, U.D. Mamadzhanov, A.A. Aleksandrov, M.A. Khashimov, V.A. Aleksandrov, Yu.G. Zadorozhny, D.Sh. Gaziyev, A.A. Kopach. A device for electric treatment of water. USSR Author's Certificate 691419, 11.07.1977.
U.D. Mamadzhanov, V.M. Bakhir, A.A. Aleksandrov, Yu.N. Sokolov, Yu.G. Zadorozhny, G.S. Rizayev, T.M. Bakhir, V.A. Aleksandrov. A method of drilling mud treatment. USSR Author's Certificate 716321, 11.07.1977.
A.Kh. Nadzhimitdinov, V.M. Bakhir, A.A. Aleksandrov, Yu.N. Sokolov, Yu.G. Zadorozhny, V.A. Aleksandrov. A device for water desalination. USSR Author's Certificate 713140, 21.11.1977.
V.M. Bakhir, U.D. Mamadzhanov, M.G. Maksudova et al. A method of cotton seeds treatment before sowing. USSR Author's Certificate 663358, 1976.
U.D. Mamadzhanov, V.M. Bakhir. A method of removing hydrogen sulfide from gas. USSR Author's Certificate 858892, 1978.
V.M. Bakhir. A method of controlling drilling mud chemical properties. USSR Author's Certificate1035047, 1979.
V.M. Bakhir, S.A. Alyokhin, V.P. Tabakov et al. A method of oil field development. USSR Author's Certificate 967142, 1980.
U.D. Mamadzhanov, V.M. Bakhir, M.G. Maksudova et al. A method of producing defoliant for cotton treatment. USSR Author's Certificate 976918, 1980.
V.M. Afanasov, Ye.N. Bolotsky, M.A. Zaugolnikov, A.F. Kozlov, S.I. Tevelyova, S.A. Alyokhin, V.M. Bakhir, N.A. Mariampolsky, R. Karimov. A solution for printed-circuit board etching. USSR Author's Certificate 1018266, 1981.
E.K. Irmatov, U.D. Mamadzhanov, S.A. Alyokhin, A.Kh. Nadzhimitdinov, N.A. Mariampolsky, V.M. Bakhir. A method of oil displacement from producing formation. USSR Author's Certificate 1019885, 1981.
L.A. Averko-Antonovich, S.I. Agadzhanyan, V.M. Bakhir, R.A. Garipova, B.L. Irkhin, P.A. Kirpichnikov, A.G. Liakumovich, F.G. Nigmatullina, V.I. Ponomarenko, L.Ye. Spektor. A method of isolating bi-vinyl- /methyl/ styrene rubbers. USSR Author's Certificate 1036021, 1982.
N.Kh. Yusupov, A.A. Fyodorov, P.V. Terekhov, A.K. Shigapov, P.A. Kirpichnikov, A.G. Liakumovich, L.V. Verizhnikov, V.M. Bakhir, L.Ye. Spektor, S.I. Agadzhanyan. A method of processing X-ray medical film. USSR Author's Certificate 1037202, 1982.
A.G. Liakumovich, N.V. Lemaev, G.Z. Sakhapov, V.M. Bakhir, S.A. Alyokhin, L.Ye. Spektor, B.A. Grigorovich, Yu.M. Arsh, S.V. Trifonov, Kh.Kh. Gilmanov, A.I. Mitrofanov, V.A. Cheusov, P.A. Kirpichnikov, N.V. Sadykov. A method of cleaning pyrolysis furnace coil from coke. USSR Author's Certificate 1074134, 1982.
N.D. Lukin, N.G. Gulyuk, Ye.K. Koptelova, A.I. Zhushman, Ye.K. Sidorova, V.M. Bakhir, L.Ye. Spektor, A.G. Liakumovich , N.M. Popova. A method of starch hydrolysis. USSR Author's Certificate 1078935, 1982.
U.D. Mamadzhanov, S.A. Alyokhin, V.M. Bakhir, N.A. Mariampolsky, Ye.P. Kulikov. A method of descaling the surface of heat exchange system. USSR Author's Certificate 1090664, 1981.
A.G. Liakumovich, P.A. Kirpichnikov, N.V. Lemayev, G.Z. Sakhapov, V.M. Bakhir, S.A. Alyokhin, L.Ye. Spektor, B.A. Grigorovich, Yu.M. Arsh, S.V. Trifonov, A.I. Mitrofanov, V.А. Isaev, T.V. Chesnokova. A method of producing low olefins. USSR Author's Certificate 1100924, 1982.
M.G. Lubyanskaya, U.D. Mamadzhanov, V.M. Bakhir, S.A. Alyokhin, R.A. Karimov, L.Yu. Andreeva, I.K. Lapkina, L.V. Schyolokova. A method of softening natural water. USSR Author's Certificate 1101419, 1982.
A.G. Liakumovich, P.A. Kirpichnikov, A.K. Serobyan, L.L. Vladimirova, N.V. Tararina, F.U. Saifullina, R.R. Yunusov, N.S. Rakhimov, V.M. Bakhir, L.Ye. Spektor. A method of natural fur treatment. USSR Author's Certificate 1102306, 1982.
A.G. Liakumovich, N.V. Lemaev, G.Z. Sakhapov, V.M. Bakhir, S.A. Alyokhin, L.Ye. Spektor, B.A. Grigorovich, Yu.M. Arsh, S.V. Trifonov, Kh.Kh. Gilmanov, V.A. Isaev, A.I. Mitrofanov, P.A. Kirpichnikov, Ye.I. Galeeva. A method of producing low olefins and benzene. USSR Author's Certificate 1112772, 1982.
V.M. Bakhir, P.A. Kirpichnikov, V.I. Vaver, A.G. Liakumovich, V.L. Usov, L.Ye. Spektor, E.B. Kuznetsov, U.D. Mamadzhanov, S.A. Alyokhin, E.K. Irmatov. A method of protecting pipelines against corrosive effect of aqueous media pumped through them. USSR Author's Certificate 1114083, 1982.
A.F. Kozlov, Ye.N. Bolotsky, S.I. Teveleva, V.M. Afanasov, M.A. Zaugolnikov, V.M. Bakhir, B.S. Fridman. Lubricating-cooling liquid for mechanical metalworking. USSR Author's Certificate 1119340, 1982.
V.V. Vakhidov, U.D. Mamadzhanov, A.Kh. Kasymov, V.M. Bakhir, S.A. Alyokhin, K.I. Iskhakova, I.M. Baibekov, I.V. Ovchinnikov, N.A. Mariampolsky, P.V. Goncharov. A method of producing liquids with biologically active properties. USSR Author's Certificates ## 1121905, 1121906, 1121907, 1981.
A.G. Liakumovich, P.A. Kirpichnikov, V.M. Ilyina, S.I. Agadzhanyan, L.M. Popova, V.M. Bakhir, L.Ye. Spektor, V.F. Malov, V.M. Poltavets, A.A. Isakov. A method of preparing desalinated water. USSR Author's Certificate1122616, 1982.
A.G. Liakumovich, P.A. Kirpichnikov, L.M. Popova, S.I. Agadzhanyan, V.F. Malov, V.M. Poltavets, V.M. Ilyina, A.A. Isakov, V.M. Bakhir, L.Ye. Spektor A method of preparing water for heat network make-up. USSR Author's Certificate 1122617, 1982.
A.G. Liakumovich, V.M. Bakhir, P.A. Kirpichnikov, L.Ye. Spektor, V.I. Korneev, N.A. Poddubny, Ye.N. Yurginson, B.A. Kuzmin, Rivkin, V.F. Palkin, P.U. Gamer, B.S. Fridman. A method of preparing a mixture for making casting rods and molds. USSR Author's Certificate 1127684, 1983.
N.A. Mariampolsky, V.M. Bakhir, S.A. Alyokhin, А-М.Kh. Khashimov, К. Karimov. A method of well cementing. USSR Author's Certificate 1134699, 1980.
I.Yu. Averko-Antonovich, F.G. Nigmatullina, R.A. Garipova, A.G. Liakumovich, P.A. Kirpichnikov, L.Ye. Spektor, V.M. Bakhir, V.I. Ponomarenko, B.L. Irkhin. A method of producing synthetic latex. USSR Author's Certificate 1148314, 1983.
A.G. Liakumovich, V.M. Bakhir, N.V. Lemaev, S.A. Alyokhin, G.Z. Sakhapov, P.A. Kirpichnikov, B.A. Grigorovich. A method of producing unsaturated hydrocarbons and benzene. USSR Author's Certificate 1154930, 1982.
A.G. Liakumovich, V.M. Bakhir, N.V. Lemaev, S.A. Alyokhin, G.Z. Sakhapov, P.A. Kirpichnikov, B.A. Grigorovich. A method of producing unsaturated hydrocarbons. USSR Author's Certificate 1154931, 1982.
Z.Kh. Dzhalilov, L.N. Danielova, V.A. Dukhovny, U.D. Mamadzhanov, V.M. Bakhir, V.A. Volodin, L.Ye. Spektor. A method of preparing water for irrigating crops. USSR Author's Certificate 1165638, 1984.
A.G. Liakumovich, P.A. Kirpichnikov, L.A. Averko-Antonovich, M.G. Altykis, N.G. Volkov, S.I. Agadzhanyan S.I. Agadzhanyan, V.M. Bakhir, L.Ye. Spektor,R.Z. Rakhimov. A method of lime slaking. USSR Author's Certificate 1178719, 1982.
A.G. Liakumovich, P.A. Kirpichnikov, L.A. Averko-Antonovich, M.G. Altykis, R.Z. Rakhimov, V.I. Remiznikov, S.I. Agadzhanyan, L.Ye. Spektor, V.M. Bakhir. A method of producing ceramic goods. USSR Author's Certificate 1178733, 1982.
P.A. Kirpichnikov, A.G. Liakumovich, S.I. Agadzhanyan, Ye.V. Babenko, R.A. Ertevtsian, N.I. Anoschenkov, Ye.P. Soldatova, A.V. Lebedev, T.N. Mordvinova, P.P. Sokolov, I.P. Vyazovsky, S.R. Ruslyakov, R.A. Torpischev, V.M. Bakhir. A detergent for cleaning metal surfaces. USSR Author's Certificate 1182812, 1984.
A.R. Atadzhanov, U.D. Mamadzhanov, V.M. Bakhir, S.A. Alyokhin, L.Ye. Spektor, N.Z. Melsitdinova, P.A. Kirpichnikov, A.G. Liakumovich, Yu.G. Zadorozhny. A method of removing hydrogen sulfide from natural gas. USSR Author's Certificate 1212521, 1984.
P.A. Kirpichnikov, A.G. Liakumovich, B.S. Fridman, P.U. Gamer, Yu.I. Zaitsev, A.F. Knyazev, N.P. Kuleshov, V.M. Bakhir, L.Ye. Spektor, A.R. Atadzhanov. A method of preparing electrolyte for lead accumulator. USSR Author's Certificate 1213923, 1983.
V.M. Bakhir, L.Ye. Spektor, Yu.V. Latyshev, Yu.G. Zadorozhny, U.D. Mamadzhanov, G.R. Mirzakarimova, P.A. Kirpichnikov, A.G. Liakumovich. A portable device for electric treatment of liquids. USSR Author's Certificate 1215306, 1982.
N.G. Tsikoridze, A.G. Liakumovich, R.G. Dadiani, P.A. Kirpichnikov, M.V. Mechekhiya, S.I. Agadzhanyan, V.M. Bakhir, L.Ye. Spektor. A method of producing dry tea concentrate. USSR Author's Certificate 1216846, 1984.
A.G. Liakumovich, M.G. Altykis, P.A. Kirpichnikov, R.Z. Rakhimov, S.I. Agadzhanyan, L.A. Averko-Antonovich, S.G. Ganellina, N.V. Sekerina, R.I. Faizullin, R.B. Abdrazakov, Ya.M. Zapolsky, I.L. Krinkin, G.F. Samoilov, V.M. Bakhir, L.Ye. Spektor. A method of producing concrete mix. USSR Author's Certificate 1218632, 1983.
A.G. Liakumovich, Z.I. Khubulava, P.A. Kirpichnikov, L.I. Agvazdina, S.I. Agadzhanyan, V.Kh. Kadyrov, V.M. Bakhir, L.Ye. Spektor, L.V.V erizhnikov. A method of regenerating oxidized fats. USSR Author's Certificate 1231868, 1983.
K.A. Kalunyants, T.V. Filatova, A.I. Sadova, A.A. Kochetkova, A.Ye. Baskayeva, V.M. Bakhir, A.G. Liakumovich, Ye.Ya. Butvinnik, V.D. Shishin, L. Sudnikovich. A method of producing malt. USSR Author's Certificate 1279235, 1984.
P.A. Kirpichnikov, A.G. Liakumovich, B.S. Fridman, P.U. Gamer, V.A. Tereshkin, V.M. Bakhir, L.Ye. Spektor, V.P. Abreimov, V.V. Makarov, O.M. Guryaniva, L.M. Shiryak, F.D. Fedotova, I.M. Magdeev, V.M. Petukhov, A.F. Kozlov, I.Z. Gizatullin, Ye.V. Kurnakov. A method of chemical copper coating. USSR Author's Certificate 1300981, 1982.
N.G. Tsikoridze, A.G. Liakumovich, R.G. Dadiani, P.A. Kirpichnikov, M.V. Mechekhiya, S.I. Agadzhanyan, Z.I. Khubulava, V.M. Bakhir. A method of citrus fruits storage. USSR Author's Certificate 1341743, 1985.
B.A. Piskunov, V.I. Fisinin, V.M. Bakhir, V.I. Filonenko, Yu.G. Zadorozhny, L.Ye. Spektor, V.G. Shol, S.A. Alyokhin. A method of treatment of poultry droppings or manure. USSR Author's Certificate 1417407, 1986.
A.G. Liakumovich, P.A. Kirpichnikov, A.K. Serobyan, F.U. Saifullina, V.M. Bakhir, L.Ye. Spektor, N.V. Tararina, L.L. Vladimirova, R.Kh. Khalitov , N.S. Rakhimov. A method of improving hair of fur hides. USSR Author's Certificate 1437400, 1982.
A.G. Liakumovich, P.A. Kirpichnikov, A.K. Serobyan, F.U. Saifullina, N.V. Tararina, L.L. Vladimirova, R.K. Nikolayeva, R.R. Yunusova, I.L. Partnov N.S. Rakhimov, V.M. Bakhir, L.Ye. Spektor. A method of working fur hides. USSR Author's Certificate 1437401, 1982.
L.Ye. Spektor, V.M. Bakhir, Yu.G. Zadorozhny. A device for unipolar electric treatment of liquids. USSR Author's Certificate 1476806, 1987.
L.Ye. Spektor, V.M. Bakhir, Yu.G. Zadorozhny, V.N. Shtefan. A device for unipolar treatment of liquids. USSR Author's Certificate 1476807, 1987.
K.L. Shtern, N.I. Gusakov, L.Ye. Spektor, V.M. Bakhir, B.A. Piskunov, Yu.G. Zadorozhny. A method of preserving green mass of maize. USSR Author's Certificate 1534772, 1987.
V.I. Fisinin, B.A. Piskunov, V.I. Filonenko, L.Ye. Spektor, T.A. Stollyar, S.A. Alyokhin, V.M. Bakhir, O.V. Bogatov, V.G. Shol, A.P. Tolkachyov. A method of watering farm birds. USSR Author's Certificate 1554172, 1987.
K.L. Shtern, L.Ye. Spektor, A.G. Kiporenko, V.M. Bakhir, Yu.G. Zadorozhny. A method of producing biologically active liquid. USSR Author's Certificate 1559637, 1987.
V.M. Bakhir, L.Ye. Spektor, K.L. Shtern, Yu.G. Zadorozhny, N.I. Gusakov, A.G. Kiporenko. A method of producing nitrogen fertilizers. USSR Author's Certificate 1594917, 1987.
V.I. Fisinin, B.A. Piskunov, V.I. Filonenko, V.G. Shol, L.Ye. Spektor, V.M. Bakhir, Yu.G. Zadorozhny , S.A. Alyokhin, O.V. Bogatov, A.P. Tolkachyov. A method of poultry keeping. USSR Author's Certificate1619459, 1988.
A.P. Vorotyntsev, A.M. Pulavsky, I.L. Lir, V.M. Bakhir, V.I. Prilutsky, V.K. Savinkov, N.N. Naida. A method of producing a washing solution for removing protein dirtyings. USSR Author's Certificate1623198, 1989.
Yu.G. Zadorozhny, V.M. Bakhir, L.Ye. Spektor, V.S. Belikov , N.M. Lysenko, A.A. Podkolzin, N.N. Dmitriyev, V.N. Shtefan, Yu.A. Grachyov. A device for electrochemical treatment of liquids. USSR Author's Certificate 1634643, 1986.
B.A. Piskunov, V.I. Fisinin, L.Ye. Spektor, V.M. Bakhir, V.I. Filonenko, А.М. Barkhatova, V.G. Shol. A method of meat storage. USSR Author's Certificate 1677891, 1989.
A.M. Pulavsky, V.M. Bakhir, V.Yu. Ryzhnev, M.V. Byalko, Yu.G. Zadorozhny, K.L. Shtern. A device for electrochemical treatment of liquids. USSR Author's Certificate 1679746, 1988.
O.A. Mashkov, V.P. Baldin, K.P. Krylov, Yu.V. Zdvizhkov, V.I. Prilutsky, Yu.G. Zadorozhny, K.L. Shtern, V.M. Bakhir. A device for sorption of toxic substances from biologic fluids. USSR Author's Certificate 1680209, 1988.
A.M. Pulavsky, V.M. Bakhir, V.Yu. Ryzhnev, M.V. Byalko, Yu.G. Zadorozhny, K.L. Shtern. A method of laundering and a device for its implementation. USSR Author's Certificate 1687684, 1988.
V.M. Bakhir, Yu.G. Zadorozhny, B.I. Leonov, O.A. Mashkov, R.Sh. Perlovsky, V.I. Prilutsky, A.M. Pulavsky, V.Yu. Ryzhnev, K.L. Shtern. A method of cleansing dialysis membranes. USSR Author's Certificate 1707823, 1988.
V.M. Bakhir, L.Ye. Spektor, Yu.G. Zadorozhny , N.M. Lysenko, Ya.A. Rudinsky. A device for electrochemical treatment of liquids. USSR Author's Certificate 1719316, 1986.
B.A. Piskunov, V.I. Fisinin, L.Ye. Spektor, V.M. Bakhir, Yu.G. Zadorozhny, V.I. Filonenko, S.A. Alyokhin, G.R. Mirzakarimova, O.V. Bogatova A.I. Ikramov. A method of poultry eggs treatment. USSR Author's Certificate 1752401, 1986.
B.I. Leonov, V.G. Vedenkov, K.A. Kalunyants, A.A. Kochetkova, V.I. Prilutsky, I.L. Lir, S.P. Sivkov, A.P. Vorotyntsev, V.M. Bakhir. A method of producing sorbent. USSR Author's Certificate 1790999, 1991.
F.I. Katkov, O.A. Mashkov, I.L. Lir, V.M. Bakhir, V.I. Prilutsky. A method of producing immunosorbent. USSR Author's Certificate 1797896, 1990.
V.M. Bakhir, V.G. Vedenkov, B.I. Leonov, I.L. Lir, O.A. Mashkov, V.I. Prilutsky, A.M. Pulavsky, V.Yu. Ryzhnev. A method of determining hemofilter regeneration. USSR Author's Certificate 1818735, 1990.
B.A. Piskunov, V.I. Fisinin, V.M. Bakhir, L.Ye. Spektor , S.A. Alyokhin, V.I. Filonenko, M.Yu. Tarasova. A method of loosening birds' feathering before removal. USSR Author's Certificate 1830665, 1987.
B.A. Piskunov, V.I. Fisinin, S.A. Alyokhin, A.M. Barkhatova, L.Ye. Spektor, V.M. Bakhir, A.I. Ikramov, V.I. Filonenko, V.G. Shol, N.E. Vanner. A device to disinfect poultry eggs. USSR Author's Certificate 1839299, 1988.
B.I. Leonov, O.A. Mashkov, V.G. Vedenkov, V.I. Prilutsky, A.V. Overchenko, Yu.G. Zadorozhny, I.L. Lir, N.N. Naida, V.M. Bakhir. A device for hemodialysis. USSR Author's Certificate 2032426, 1990.
V.M. Bakhir, V.G. Vedenkov, I.L. Lir, B.I. Leonov, A.M. Pulavsky, V.Yu. Ryzhnev. A method of producing washing and sterilizing solutions for cleansing and preparing biofilters for repeated use. USSR Author's Certificate 2033807, 1990.

C o m m e n t s: Development of electrochemical activation (ECA) technology was always closely connected with the design of the principal units of electrochemical systems, i.e. electrochemical reactors, in which synthesis of electrochemically activated water and solutions takes place.

There are four main stages in the evolution of electrochemical systems for ECA technology.

The first stage (1972-1974) was characterized by development of electrochemical reactors with flat electrodes (steel cathodes, magnetite anodes) with a large surface of a single electrode (from 0.2 to 0.5 m 2 ) meant for intensive currents (600-1500 А) to treat large volumes of mineralized (10-20g/l) formation water and drilling mud. The diaphragms of those reactors were made of belting, chlorine, and mipore .At that stage efficacy and good prospects of ECA technology for oil and gas well drilling was convincingly proved.

The second stage (1974-1984) was mainly developing and commercial manufacture of electrochemical systems, whose flow-through reactors were supplied with co-axially mounted electrodes and a diaphragm. The anodes of those reactors were made of dense carbon or graphite, cathodes – of stainless steel and diaphragms – of chlorine on the perforated PVC pipe framework, alund (type of ceramics), open-porous polyethylene on the framework. The area of a single anode in those reactors was 25-35 % smaller than the area of the cathode varying from 0.1 to 0.4 m 2 . Those reactors were also mostly of high unit capacity (current strength from 300 to 600 А), but their range of application was wider due to possibility of treating water of 3-5 g/l or higher mineralization.

The third stage (1985-1989) was marked by appearance of devices for electrochemical activation of water and solutions with reactors in the form of mono-unit electrode supplied with built-in co-axially mounted counter-electrodes and ceramic diaphragms. The anodes for those reactors were made of carbon coated with manganese dioxide, or of titanium with oxide-ruthenium coating, cathodes – of carbon (dense graphite), diaphragms – of ceramics based on aluminum oxides, and later of oxide-zirconium ceramics. The area of a single anode was 25-40 % smaller than the area of the cathode varying from 0.01 to 0.02 m 2 . Total electrode surface area in a single reactor was 1,0 m 2 . Said reactors, unlike those developed earlier, allowed operation in conditions of considerable differential pressure on the diaphragm. The systems of that period demonstrate much better performance characteristics of electrochemical reactors combined with significantly lower weight and volume. Commercial manufacture of said systems proved their high efficiency and further expanded the scope of ECA technologies application having extended to such fields as electronic industry, where technological processes require de-ionized (distilled) water.

Finally, in 1989 the fourth stage of developing electrochemical systems for ECA started based on using flow-through electrochemical module cells (FEM modules) and flow-through electrochemical reactors (RPE) made up of those modules. A FEM module is an elementary electrochemical cell with co-axially mounted electrodes and ceramic diaphragm. The diameter of the anode, which serves as inner electrode, is normally 8 mm , the inner diameter of the cathode is 14 mm . The length of the electrode chamber in a standard FEM module is about 200 mm . The wall of a tubular diaphragm made of oxide-zirconium ceramics is about 0,6 mm thick. The anode of a FEM module is made of titanium coated with ruthenium, iridium, platinum oxides; the cathode – of stainless steel. Anode area is approximately 0.005 m 2 , cathode area – 0.008 m 2 . Total surface area of electrodes in a single RPE reactor consisting of several dozen FEM modules is up to 1.5 m 2 . FEM modules are the most perfect electrochemical systems among all those developed earlier and used today. From 1990, the development of electrochemical activation technology has been completely based on using FEM modules and RPE reactors.


Institute's mission Registration Certification REGISTER Research and Development activities Work structure Specialists and Experts Bibliography ELECTROCHEMICAL ACTIVATION Miscellaneous Scientific-and-technical examination News Contact Data FALSIFICATION	page 2 page 3 page 4 page 5 page 2 2. Some inventions in the field of ECA systems and technology made before 1990. U.D. Mamadzhanov, V.M. Bakhir, V.N. Shamsutdinova, T.M. Bakhir. A method of drilling mud treatment. USSR Author's Certificate # 929682, 22.04.1974. U.D. Mamadzhanov, Ye.G. Gavrilov, Kh.A. Alimdzhanov, V.M. Bakhir, A.A. Aleksandrov, L.A. Sorokin, Yu.N. Sokolov, Yu.G. Zadorozhny. A method of preparing drilling mud. USSR Author's Certificate 619500, 19.01.1977. Yu.N. Sokolov, V.M. Bakhir, U.D. Mamadzhanov, A.A. Aleksandrov, M.A. Khashimov, V.A. Aleksandrov, Yu.G. Zadorozhny, D.Sh. Gaziyev, A.A. Kopach. A device for electric treatment of water. USSR Author's Certificate 691419, 11.07.1977. U.D. Mamadzhanov, V.M. Bakhir, A.A. Aleksandrov, Yu.N. Sokolov, Yu.G. Zadorozhny, G.S. Rizayev, T.M. Bakhir, V.A. Aleksandrov. A method of drilling mud treatment. USSR Author's Certificate 716321, 11.07.1977. A.Kh. Nadzhimitdinov, V.M. Bakhir, A.A. Aleksandrov, Yu.N. Sokolov, Yu.G. Zadorozhny, V.A. Aleksandrov. A device for water desalination. USSR Author's Certificate 713140, 21.11.1977. V.M. Bakhir, U.D. Mamadzhanov, M.G. Maksudova et al. A method of cotton seeds treatment before sowing. USSR Author's Certificate 663358, 1976. U.D. Mamadzhanov, V.M. Bakhir. A method of removing hydrogen sulfide from gas. USSR Author's Certificate 858892, 1978. V.M. Bakhir. A method of controlling drilling mud chemical properties. USSR Author's Certificate1035047, 1979. V.M. Bakhir, S.A. Alyokhin, V.P. Tabakov et al. A method of oil field development. USSR Author's Certificate 967142, 1980. U.D. Mamadzhanov, V.M. Bakhir, M.G. Maksudova et al. A method of producing defoliant for cotton treatment. USSR Author's Certificate 976918, 1980. V.M. Afanasov, Ye.N. Bolotsky, M.A. Zaugolnikov, A.F. Kozlov, S.I. Tevelyova, S.A. Alyokhin, V.M. Bakhir, N.A. Mariampolsky, R. Karimov. A solution for printed-circuit board etching. USSR Author's Certificate 1018266, 1981. E.K. Irmatov, U.D. Mamadzhanov, S.A. Alyokhin, A.Kh. Nadzhimitdinov, N.A. Mariampolsky, V.M. Bakhir. A method of oil displacement from producing formation. USSR Author's Certificate 1019885, 1981. L.A. Averko-Antonovich, S.I. Agadzhanyan, V.M. Bakhir, R.A. Garipova, B.L. Irkhin, P.A. Kirpichnikov, A.G. Liakumovich, F.G. Nigmatullina, V.I. Ponomarenko, L.Ye. Spektor. A method of isolating bi-vinyl- /methyl/ styrene rubbers. USSR Author's Certificate 1036021, 1982. N.Kh. Yusupov, A.A. Fyodorov, P.V. Terekhov, A.K. Shigapov, P.A. Kirpichnikov, A.G. Liakumovich, L.V. Verizhnikov, V.M. Bakhir, L.Ye. Spektor, S.I. Agadzhanyan. A method of processing X-ray medical film. USSR Author's Certificate 1037202, 1982. A.G. Liakumovich, N.V. Lemaev, G.Z. Sakhapov, V.M. Bakhir, S.A. Alyokhin, L.Ye. Spektor, B.A. Grigorovich, Yu.M. Arsh, S.V. Trifonov, Kh.Kh. Gilmanov, A.I. Mitrofanov, V.A. Cheusov, P.A. Kirpichnikov, N.V. Sadykov. A method of cleaning pyrolysis furnace coil from coke. USSR Author's Certificate 1074134, 1982. N.D. Lukin, N.G. Gulyuk, Ye.K. Koptelova, A.I. Zhushman, Ye.K. Sidorova, V.M. Bakhir, L.Ye. Spektor, A.G. Liakumovich , N.M. Popova. A method of starch hydrolysis. USSR Author's Certificate 1078935, 1982. U.D. Mamadzhanov, S.A. Alyokhin, V.M. Bakhir, N.A. Mariampolsky, Ye.P. Kulikov. A method of descaling the surface of heat exchange system. USSR Author's Certificate 1090664, 1981. A.G. Liakumovich, P.A. Kirpichnikov, N.V. Lemayev, G.Z. Sakhapov, V.M. Bakhir, S.A. Alyokhin, L.Ye. Spektor, B.A. Grigorovich, Yu.M. Arsh, S.V. Trifonov, A.I. Mitrofanov, V.А. Isaev, T.V. Chesnokova. A method of producing low olefins. USSR Author's Certificate 1100924, 1982. M.G. Lubyanskaya, U.D. Mamadzhanov, V.M. Bakhir, S.A. Alyokhin, R.A. Karimov, L.Yu. Andreeva, I.K. Lapkina, L.V. Schyolokova. A method of softening natural water. USSR Author's Certificate 1101419, 1982. A.G. Liakumovich, P.A. Kirpichnikov, A.K. Serobyan, L.L. Vladimirova, N.V. Tararina, F.U. Saifullina, R.R. Yunusov, N.S. Rakhimov, V.M. Bakhir, L.Ye. Spektor. A method of natural fur treatment. USSR Author's Certificate 1102306, 1982. A.G. Liakumovich, N.V. Lemaev, G.Z. Sakhapov, V.M. Bakhir, S.A. Alyokhin, L.Ye. Spektor, B.A. Grigorovich, Yu.M. Arsh, S.V. Trifonov, Kh.Kh. Gilmanov, V.A. Isaev, A.I. Mitrofanov, P.A. Kirpichnikov, Ye.I. Galeeva. A method of producing low olefins and benzene. USSR Author's Certificate 1112772, 1982. V.M. Bakhir, P.A. Kirpichnikov, V.I. Vaver, A.G. Liakumovich, V.L. Usov, L.Ye. Spektor, E.B. Kuznetsov, U.D. Mamadzhanov, S.A. Alyokhin, E.K. Irmatov. A method of protecting pipelines against corrosive effect of aqueous media pumped through them. USSR Author's Certificate 1114083, 1982. A.F. Kozlov, Ye.N. Bolotsky, S.I. Teveleva, V.M. Afanasov, M.A. Zaugolnikov, V.M. Bakhir, B.S. Fridman. Lubricating-cooling liquid for mechanical metalworking. USSR Author's Certificate 1119340, 1982. V.V. Vakhidov, U.D. Mamadzhanov, A.Kh. Kasymov, V.M. Bakhir, S.A. Alyokhin, K.I. Iskhakova, I.M. Baibekov, I.V. Ovchinnikov, N.A. Mariampolsky, P.V. Goncharov. A method of producing liquids with biologically active properties. USSR Author's Certificates ## 1121905, 1121906, 1121907, 1981. A.G. Liakumovich, P.A. Kirpichnikov, V.M. Ilyina, S.I. Agadzhanyan, L.M. Popova, V.M. Bakhir, L.Ye. Spektor, V.F. Malov, V.M. Poltavets, A.A. Isakov. A method of preparing desalinated water. USSR Author's Certificate1122616, 1982. A.G. Liakumovich, P.A. Kirpichnikov, L.M. Popova, S.I. Agadzhanyan, V.F. Malov, V.M. Poltavets, V.M. Ilyina, A.A. Isakov, V.M. Bakhir, L.Ye. Spektor A method of preparing water for heat network make-up. USSR Author's Certificate 1122617, 1982. A.G. Liakumovich, V.M. Bakhir, P.A. Kirpichnikov, L.Ye. Spektor, V.I. Korneev, N.A. Poddubny, Ye.N. Yurginson, B.A. Kuzmin, Rivkin, V.F. Palkin, P.U. Gamer, B.S. Fridman. A method of preparing a mixture for making casting rods and molds. USSR Author's Certificate 1127684, 1983. N.A. Mariampolsky, V.M. Bakhir, S.A. Alyokhin, А-М.Kh. Khashimov, К. Karimov. A method of well cementing. USSR Author's Certificate 1134699, 1980. I.Yu. Averko-Antonovich, F.G. Nigmatullina, R.A. Garipova, A.G. Liakumovich, P.A. Kirpichnikov, L.Ye. Spektor, V.M. Bakhir, V.I. Ponomarenko, B.L. Irkhin. A method of producing synthetic latex. USSR Author's Certificate 1148314, 1983. A.G. Liakumovich, V.M. Bakhir, N.V. Lemaev, S.A. Alyokhin, G.Z. Sakhapov, P.A. Kirpichnikov, B.A. Grigorovich. A method of producing unsaturated hydrocarbons and benzene. USSR Author's Certificate 1154930, 1982. A.G. Liakumovich, V.M. Bakhir, N.V. Lemaev, S.A. Alyokhin, G.Z. Sakhapov, P.A. Kirpichnikov, B.A. Grigorovich. A method of producing unsaturated hydrocarbons. USSR Author's Certificate 1154931, 1982. Z.Kh. Dzhalilov, L.N. Danielova, V.A. Dukhovny, U.D. Mamadzhanov, V.M. Bakhir, V.A. Volodin, L.Ye. Spektor. A method of preparing water for irrigating crops. USSR Author's Certificate 1165638, 1984. A.G. Liakumovich, P.A. Kirpichnikov, L.A. Averko-Antonovich, M.G. Altykis, N.G. Volkov, S.I. Agadzhanyan S.I. Agadzhanyan, V.M. Bakhir, L.Ye. Spektor,R.Z. Rakhimov. A method of lime slaking. USSR Author's Certificate 1178719, 1982. A.G. Liakumovich, P.A. Kirpichnikov, L.A. Averko-Antonovich, M.G. Altykis, R.Z. Rakhimov, V.I. Remiznikov, S.I. Agadzhanyan, L.Ye. Spektor, V.M. Bakhir. A method of producing ceramic goods. USSR Author's Certificate 1178733, 1982. P.A. Kirpichnikov, A.G. Liakumovich, S.I. Agadzhanyan, Ye.V. Babenko, R.A. Ertevtsian, N.I. Anoschenkov, Ye.P. Soldatova, A.V. Lebedev, T.N. Mordvinova, P.P. Sokolov, I.P. Vyazovsky, S.R. Ruslyakov, R.A. Torpischev, V.M. Bakhir. A detergent for cleaning metal surfaces. USSR Author's Certificate 1182812, 1984. A.R. Atadzhanov, U.D. Mamadzhanov, V.M. Bakhir, S.A. Alyokhin, L.Ye. Spektor, N.Z. Melsitdinova, P.A. Kirpichnikov, A.G. Liakumovich, Yu.G. Zadorozhny. A method of removing hydrogen sulfide from natural gas. USSR Author's Certificate 1212521, 1984. P.A. Kirpichnikov, A.G. Liakumovich, B.S. Fridman, P.U. Gamer, Yu.I. Zaitsev, A.F. Knyazev, N.P. Kuleshov, V.M. Bakhir, L.Ye. Spektor, A.R. Atadzhanov. A method of preparing electrolyte for lead accumulator. USSR Author's Certificate 1213923, 1983. V.M. Bakhir, L.Ye. Spektor, Yu.V. Latyshev, Yu.G. Zadorozhny, U.D. Mamadzhanov, G.R. Mirzakarimova, P.A. Kirpichnikov, A.G. Liakumovich. A portable device for electric treatment of liquids. USSR Author's Certificate 1215306, 1982. N.G. Tsikoridze, A.G. Liakumovich, R.G. Dadiani, P.A. Kirpichnikov, M.V. Mechekhiya, S.I. Agadzhanyan, V.M. Bakhir, L.Ye. Spektor. A method of producing dry tea concentrate. USSR Author's Certificate 1216846, 1984. A.G. Liakumovich, M.G. Altykis, P.A. Kirpichnikov, R.Z. Rakhimov, S.I. Agadzhanyan, L.A. Averko-Antonovich, S.G. Ganellina, N.V. Sekerina, R.I. Faizullin, R.B. Abdrazakov, Ya.M. Zapolsky, I.L. Krinkin, G.F. Samoilov, V.M. Bakhir, L.Ye. Spektor. A method of producing concrete mix. USSR Author's Certificate 1218632, 1983. A.G. Liakumovich, Z.I. Khubulava, P.A. Kirpichnikov, L.I. Agvazdina, S.I. Agadzhanyan, V.Kh. Kadyrov, V.M. Bakhir, L.Ye. Spektor, L.V.V erizhnikov. A method of regenerating oxidized fats. USSR Author's Certificate 1231868, 1983. K.A. Kalunyants, T.V. Filatova, A.I. Sadova, A.A. Kochetkova, A.Ye. Baskayeva, V.M. Bakhir, A.G. Liakumovich, Ye.Ya. Butvinnik, V.D. Shishin, L. Sudnikovich. A method of producing malt. USSR Author's Certificate 1279235, 1984. P.A. Kirpichnikov, A.G. Liakumovich, B.S. Fridman, P.U. Gamer, V.A. Tereshkin, V.M. Bakhir, L.Ye. Spektor, V.P. Abreimov, V.V. Makarov, O.M. Guryaniva, L.M. Shiryak, F.D. Fedotova, I.M. Magdeev, V.M. Petukhov, A.F. Kozlov, I.Z. Gizatullin, Ye.V. Kurnakov. A method of chemical copper coating. USSR Author's Certificate 1300981, 1982. N.G. Tsikoridze, A.G. Liakumovich, R.G. Dadiani, P.A. Kirpichnikov, M.V. Mechekhiya, S.I. Agadzhanyan, Z.I. Khubulava, V.M. Bakhir. A method of citrus fruits storage. USSR Author's Certificate 1341743, 1985. B.A. Piskunov, V.I. Fisinin, V.M. Bakhir, V.I. Filonenko, Yu.G. Zadorozhny, L.Ye. Spektor, V.G. Shol, S.A. Alyokhin. A method of treatment of poultry droppings or manure. USSR Author's Certificate 1417407, 1986. A.G. Liakumovich, P.A. Kirpichnikov, A.K. Serobyan, F.U. Saifullina, V.M. Bakhir, L.Ye. Spektor, N.V. Tararina, L.L. Vladimirova, R.Kh. Khalitov , N.S. Rakhimov. A method of improving hair of fur hides. USSR Author's Certificate 1437400, 1982. A.G. Liakumovich, P.A. Kirpichnikov, A.K. Serobyan, F.U. Saifullina, N.V. Tararina, L.L. Vladimirova, R.K. Nikolayeva, R.R. Yunusova, I.L. Partnov N.S. Rakhimov, V.M. Bakhir, L.Ye. Spektor. A method of working fur hides. USSR Author's Certificate 1437401, 1982. L.Ye. Spektor, V.M. Bakhir, Yu.G. Zadorozhny. A device for unipolar electric treatment of liquids. USSR Author's Certificate 1476806, 1987. L.Ye. Spektor, V.M. Bakhir, Yu.G. Zadorozhny, V.N. Shtefan. A device for unipolar treatment of liquids. USSR Author's Certificate 1476807, 1987. K.L. Shtern, N.I. Gusakov, L.Ye. Spektor, V.M. Bakhir, B.A. Piskunov, Yu.G. Zadorozhny. A method of preserving green mass of maize. USSR Author's Certificate 1534772, 1987. V.I. Fisinin, B.A. Piskunov, V.I. Filonenko, L.Ye. Spektor, T.A. Stollyar, S.A. Alyokhin, V.M. Bakhir, O.V. Bogatov, V.G. Shol, A.P. Tolkachyov. A method of watering farm birds. USSR Author's Certificate 1554172, 1987. K.L. Shtern, L.Ye. Spektor, A.G. Kiporenko, V.M. Bakhir, Yu.G. Zadorozhny. A method of producing biologically active liquid. USSR Author's Certificate 1559637, 1987. V.M. Bakhir, L.Ye. Spektor, K.L. Shtern, Yu.G. Zadorozhny, N.I. Gusakov, A.G. Kiporenko. A method of producing nitrogen fertilizers. USSR Author's Certificate 1594917, 1987. V.I. Fisinin, B.A. Piskunov, V.I. Filonenko, V.G. Shol, L.Ye. Spektor, V.M. Bakhir, Yu.G. Zadorozhny , S.A. Alyokhin, O.V. Bogatov, A.P. Tolkachyov. A method of poultry keeping. USSR Author's Certificate1619459, 1988. A.P. Vorotyntsev, A.M. Pulavsky, I.L. Lir, V.M. Bakhir, V.I. Prilutsky, V.K. Savinkov, N.N. Naida. A method of producing a washing solution for removing protein dirtyings. USSR Author's Certificate1623198, 1989. Yu.G. Zadorozhny, V.M. Bakhir, L.Ye. Spektor, V.S. Belikov , N.M. Lysenko, A.A. Podkolzin, N.N. Dmitriyev, V.N. Shtefan, Yu.A. Grachyov. A device for electrochemical treatment of liquids. USSR Author's Certificate 1634643, 1986. B.A. Piskunov, V.I. Fisinin, L.Ye. Spektor, V.M. Bakhir, V.I. Filonenko, А.М. Barkhatova, V.G. Shol. A method of meat storage. USSR Author's Certificate 1677891, 1989. A.M. Pulavsky, V.M. Bakhir, V.Yu. Ryzhnev, M.V. Byalko, Yu.G. Zadorozhny, K.L. Shtern. A device for electrochemical treatment of liquids. USSR Author's Certificate 1679746, 1988. O.A. Mashkov, V.P. Baldin, K.P. Krylov, Yu.V. Zdvizhkov, V.I. Prilutsky, Yu.G. Zadorozhny, K.L. Shtern, V.M. Bakhir. A device for sorption of toxic substances from biologic fluids. USSR Author's Certificate 1680209, 1988. A.M. Pulavsky, V.M. Bakhir, V.Yu. Ryzhnev, M.V. Byalko, Yu.G. Zadorozhny, K.L. Shtern. A method of laundering and a device for its implementation. USSR Author's Certificate 1687684, 1988. V.M. Bakhir, Yu.G. Zadorozhny, B.I. Leonov, O.A. Mashkov, R.Sh. Perlovsky, V.I. Prilutsky, A.M. Pulavsky, V.Yu. Ryzhnev, K.L. Shtern. A method of cleansing dialysis membranes. USSR Author's Certificate 1707823, 1988. V.M. Bakhir, L.Ye. Spektor, Yu.G. Zadorozhny , N.M. Lysenko, Ya.A. Rudinsky. A device for electrochemical treatment of liquids. USSR Author's Certificate 1719316, 1986. B.A. Piskunov, V.I. Fisinin, L.Ye. Spektor, V.M. Bakhir, Yu.G. Zadorozhny, V.I. Filonenko, S.A. Alyokhin, G.R. Mirzakarimova, O.V. Bogatova A.I. Ikramov. A method of poultry eggs treatment. USSR Author's Certificate 1752401, 1986. B.I. Leonov, V.G. Vedenkov, K.A. Kalunyants, A.A. Kochetkova, V.I. Prilutsky, I.L. Lir, S.P. Sivkov, A.P. Vorotyntsev, V.M. Bakhir. A method of producing sorbent. USSR Author's Certificate 1790999, 1991. F.I. Katkov, O.A. Mashkov, I.L. Lir, V.M. Bakhir, V.I. Prilutsky. A method of producing immunosorbent. USSR Author's Certificate 1797896, 1990. V.M. Bakhir, V.G. Vedenkov, B.I. Leonov, I.L. Lir, O.A. Mashkov, V.I. Prilutsky, A.M. Pulavsky, V.Yu. Ryzhnev. A method of determining hemofilter regeneration. USSR Author's Certificate 1818735, 1990. B.A. Piskunov, V.I. Fisinin, V.M. Bakhir, L.Ye. Spektor , S.A. Alyokhin, V.I. Filonenko, M.Yu. Tarasova. A method of loosening birds' feathering before removal. USSR Author's Certificate 1830665, 1987. B.A. Piskunov, V.I. Fisinin, S.A. Alyokhin, A.M. Barkhatova, L.Ye. Spektor, V.M. Bakhir, A.I. Ikramov, V.I. Filonenko, V.G. Shol, N.E. Vanner. A device to disinfect poultry eggs. USSR Author's Certificate 1839299, 1988. B.I. Leonov, O.A. Mashkov, V.G. Vedenkov, V.I. Prilutsky, A.V. Overchenko, Yu.G. Zadorozhny, I.L. Lir, N.N. Naida, V.M. Bakhir. A device for hemodialysis. USSR Author's Certificate 2032426, 1990. V.M. Bakhir, V.G. Vedenkov, I.L. Lir, B.I. Leonov, A.M. Pulavsky, V.Yu. Ryzhnev. A method of producing washing and sterilizing solutions for cleansing and preparing biofilters for repeated use. USSR Author's Certificate 2033807, 1990. C o m m e n t s: Development of electrochemical activation (ECA) technology was always closely connected with the design of the principal units of electrochemical systems, i.e. electrochemical reactors, in which synthesis of electrochemically activated water and solutions takes place. There are four main stages in the evolution of electrochemical systems for ECA technology. The first stage (1972-1974) was characterized by development of electrochemical reactors with flat electrodes (steel cathodes, magnetite anodes) with a large surface of a single electrode (from 0.2 to 0.5 m 2 ) meant for intensive currents (600-1500 А) to treat large volumes of mineralized (10-20g/l) formation water and drilling mud. The diaphragms of those reactors were made of belting, chlorine, and mipore .At that stage efficacy and good prospects of ECA technology for oil and gas well drilling was convincingly proved. The second stage (1974-1984) was mainly developing and commercial manufacture of electrochemical systems, whose flow-through reactors were supplied with co-axially mounted electrodes and a diaphragm. The anodes of those reactors were made of dense carbon or graphite, cathodes – of stainless steel and diaphragms – of chlorine on the perforated PVC pipe framework, alund (type of ceramics), open-porous polyethylene on the framework. The area of a single anode in those reactors was 25-35 % smaller than the area of the cathode varying from 0.1 to 0.4 m 2 . Those reactors were also mostly of high unit capacity (current strength from 300 to 600 А), but their range of application was wider due to possibility of treating water of 3-5 g/l or higher mineralization. The third stage (1985-1989) was marked by appearance of devices for electrochemical activation of water and solutions with reactors in the form of mono-unit electrode supplied with built-in co-axially mounted counter-electrodes and ceramic diaphragms. The anodes for those reactors were made of carbon coated with manganese dioxide, or of titanium with oxide-ruthenium coating, cathodes – of carbon (dense graphite), diaphragms – of ceramics based on aluminum oxides, and later of oxide-zirconium ceramics. The area of a single anode was 25-40 % smaller than the area of the cathode varying from 0.01 to 0.02 m 2 . Total electrode surface area in a single reactor was 1,0 m 2 . Said reactors, unlike those developed earlier, allowed operation in conditions of considerable differential pressure on the diaphragm. The systems of that period demonstrate much better performance characteristics of electrochemical reactors combined with significantly lower weight and volume. Commercial manufacture of said systems proved their high efficiency and further expanded the scope of ECA technologies application having extended to such fields as electronic industry, where technological processes require de-ionized (distilled) water. Finally, in 1989 the fourth stage of developing electrochemical systems for ECA started based on using flow-through electrochemical module cells (FEM modules) and flow-through electrochemical reactors (RPE) made up of those modules. A FEM module is an elementary electrochemical cell with co-axially mounted electrodes and ceramic diaphragm. The diameter of the anode, which serves as inner electrode, is normally 8 mm , the inner diameter of the cathode is 14 mm . The length of the electrode chamber in a standard FEM module is about 200 mm . The wall of a tubular diaphragm made of oxide-zirconium ceramics is about 0,6 mm thick. The anode of a FEM module is made of titanium coated with ruthenium, iridium, platinum oxides; the cathode – of stainless steel. Anode area is approximately 0.005 m 2 , cathode area – 0.008 m 2 . Total surface area of electrodes in a single RPE reactor consisting of several dozen FEM modules is up to 1.5 m 2 . FEM modules are the most perfect electrochemical systems among all those developed earlier and used today. From 1990, the development of electrochemical activation technology has been completely based on using FEM modules and RPE reactors. page 2 page 3 page 4 page 5
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